Building a solenoid control system with a Raspberry Pi to automate screen touch means using the Raspberry Pi as the main controller for IoT Solenoid Touch Control. This system uses relays to control solenoids based on user commands, allowing for automated and accurate touchscreen actions. The Raspberry Pi is perfect for this because it’s easy to program and can handle the timing and order of solenoid movements, making touchscreen automation smooth and efficient. Additionally, this IoT Solenoid Touch Control system is useful in IoT (Internet of Things) applications, enabling remote control and monitoring, and enhancing the versatility and functionality of the setup.
Components Required:
Raspberry Pi (Any model with GPIO pins):
In our system, the Raspberry Pi acts as the master unit, automating screen touches with solenoids and providing a central control hub for hardware interactions. Its ability to seamlessly establish SSH connections and dispatch commands makes it highly efficient in integrating with our framework.
Key benefits include:
Effective Solenoid Control: The Raspberry Pi oversees and monitors solenoid operations, ensuring precise and responsive automation.
Remote Connectivity: With internet access and the ability to connect to other devices, the Raspberry Pi enables remote control and monitoring, enhancing flexibility and convenience.
Command Validation and Routing: Upon receiving commands, the Raspberry Pi validates them and directs them to the appropriate hardware or slave units. For instance, it can forward a command to check the status of a smart lock, process the response, and relay the information back to the framework.
Solenoide Holder(fix the solenoid):
A solenoid holder is crucial for ensuring the stability, protection, and efficiency of a solenoid control system. It simplifies installation and maintenance while improving the overall performance and extending the solenoid’s lifespan.
In this particular setup, the solenoid holders are custom-manufactured to meet the specific requirements of my system. Different screen setups may require differently designed holders.
Incorporating a solenoid holder in your Raspberry Pi touchscreen control system results in a more robust, reliable, and user-friendly solution.
Solenoid (Voltage matching your power supply):
Integrating solenoids into a Raspberry Pi touchscreen setup offers an effective method for adding mechanical interactivity and automating screen touches. To ensure optimal performance, it’s essential to choose a solenoid with the right voltage, current rating, and size for your specific application.
Whether you’re automating tasks, enhancing user experience, or implementing security features, solenoids play a vital role in achieving your project goals. With careful integration and precise control, they enable you to create a dynamic and responsive system.
Relay Module (Matching solenoid voltage and current rating):
A relay module acts as a switch controlled by the Raspberry Pi, enabling safe and isolated control of higher-power solenoids. To ensure reliable operation, choose a relay that can handle the solenoid’s current requirements.
Relay modules simplify complex wiring by providing clear connection points for your Raspberry Pi, power supply, and the devices you wish to control. These modules often come with multiple relays (e.g., 1, 2, 4, or 8 channels), allowing independent control of several devices.
Key terminals include:
COM (Common): The common terminal of the relay switch, typically connected to the power supply unit you want to switch.
NO (Normally Open): Disconnected from the COM terminal by default. When the relay is activated, the NO terminal connects to COM, completing the circuit for your device.
NC (Normally Closed): Connected to COM in the unactivated state. When the relay activates, the connection between NC and COM breaks.
Touchscreen display:
Touchscreens are like interactive windows on our devices. Imagine a smooth surface that reacts to your fingertip. This is the magic of touchscreens. They use hidden sensors to detect your touch and tell the device where you pressed. This lets you tap icons, swipe through menus, or even draw pictures – all directly on the screen. No more hunting for tiny buttons, just a natural and intuitive way to control your smartphones, tablets, and many other devices.
Breadboard and Jumper Wires:
Breadboard and jumper wires act as your temporary electronics workbench. They let you connect components without soldering, allowing for easy prototyping and testing. You can push wires into the breadboard’s holes to create circuits, making modifications and troubleshooting a breeze before finalizing the connections.
Voltage level Converter:
In our project, the voltage level converter plays a critical role in ensuring communication between the Raspberry Pi and the relay module. The relay module, like some other devices, needs a specific voltage (5V) to understand and respond to commands. However, the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pins speak a different voltage language – they can only output signals up to 3.3V.
Directly connecting the relay module to the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pin wouldn’t work. The lower voltage wouldn’t be enough to activate the relay, causing malfunctions. Here’s where the voltage level converter comes in. It acts as a translator, boosting the Raspberry Pi’s 3.3V signal to the 5V required by the relay module. This ensures clear and compatible communication between the two devices, allowing them to work together seamlessly.
Power Supply (Separate for Raspberry Pi and Solenoid):
We need two separate power supplies for safe and reliable operation.A 5V 2A power supply specifically powers your Raspberry Pi. It provides the lower voltage the Pi needs to function.A separate 24V 10A Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS) powers the solenoid. This higher voltage and current capacity are necessary for the solenoid’s operation. Using separate power supplies isolates the Raspberry Pi’s delicate circuitry from the potentially higher power fluctuations of the solenoid, ensuring safety and proper operation of both.Each power supply is chosen to meet the specific requirements of its component: 5V for the Pi and a higher voltage/current for the solenoid.
Circuit Diagram:
Power Supply Connections:
Connect the Raspberry Pi power supply to the Raspberry Pi.
Connect the positive terminal of the separate power supply to one side of the solenoid.
Connect the negative terminal of the separate power supply to the common terminal of the relay.
Relay Module Connections:
Connect the Vcc pin of the relay module to the 5V pin of the Raspberry Pi.
Connect the GND pin of the relay module to the GND pin of the Raspberry Pi.
Connect a chosen GPIO pin from the Raspberry Pi (like GPIO 18) to the IN terminal of the relay module. This pin will be controlled by your Python code.
Connect one side of the solenoid to the Normally Open (NO) terminal of the relay module. This means the solenoid circuit is only complete when the relay is activated.
Connecting the Raspberry Pi to the Level Converter:
Connect a GPIO pin from the Raspberry Pi (e.g., GPIO17) to one of the LV channels (e.g., LV1) on the level converter.
Connecting the Level Converter to the Relay Module:
Connect the corresponding high-voltage (HV) pin (e.g., HV1) on the level converter to the IN1 pin of the relay module.
Connect the HV pin on the level converter to the VCC pin of the relay module (typically 5V).
Connect the GND pin on the HV side of the level converter to the GND pin of the relay module.
Powering the Relay Module:
Ensure the relay module is connected to a 5V power supply. This can be done using the 5V pin from the Raspberry Pi or a separate 5V power supply if needed. Connect this to the VCC pin of the relay module.
Ensure the GND of the relay module is connected to the GND of the Raspberry Pi to have a common ground.
Connecting the Relay Module to the Solenoid and 24V Power Supply:
Connect the NO (normally open) terminal of the relay to one terminal of the solenoid.
Connect the COM (common) terminal of the relay to the negative terminal of the 24V power supply.
Connect the other terminal of the solenoid to the positive terminal of the 24V power supply.
Software Setup:
Raspberry Pi Setup:
Let’s make setting up our Raspberry Pi with Raspbian OS, connecting it to Wi-Fi, and enabling VNC feel as straightforward as baking a fresh batch of cookies. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Install Raspbian OS Using Raspberry Pi Imager:
Download Raspberry Pi Imager:
Install the Imager on our computer—it’s like the secret ingredient for our Raspberry Pi recipe.
Prepare Our Micro-SD Card:
Insert our micro-SD card into our computer.
Open Raspberry Pi Imager.
Choose the Raspberry Pi OS version you want (usually the latest one).
Select our SD card. Click “Write” and let the magic happen. This process might take a few minutes.
Connect Our Raspberry Pi via LAN Cable:
Plug one end of an ethernet cable into our Raspberry Pi’s Ethernet port.
Connect the other end to our router (the one with the internet connection).
Power Up Our Raspberry Pi:
Insert the micro-SD card into our Raspberry Pi.
Connect the power supply to our Pi.
Wait for it to boot up like a sleepy bear waking from hibernation.
Configure Wi-Fi and Enable VNC:
Find Our Raspberry Pi’s IP Address:
On our Raspberry Pi, open a terminal (you can find it in the menu or use the shortcut Ctrl+Alt+T).
Type hostname -I and press Enter. This will reveal our Pi’s IP address.
Access Our Router’s Admin Interface:
Open a web browser and enter our router’s IP address (usually something like 192.168.1.1) in the address bar.
Log in using our router’s credentials (check the manual or the back of our router for the default username and password)
Assign a Static IP to Our Raspberry Pi:
Look for the DHCP settings or LAN settings section.
Add a new static IP entry for our Raspberry Pi using the IP address you found earlier. Save the changes.
Enable VNC on Our Raspberry Pi:
On our Raspberry Pi, open the terminal again.
Type sudo raspi-config and press Enter.
Navigate to Interfacing Options > VNC and enable it.
Exit the configuration tool.
Access Our Raspberry Pi Remotely via VNC:
On our computer (not the Raspberry Pi), download a VNC viewer application (like RealVNC Viewer).
Open the viewer and enter our Raspberry Pi’s IP address.
When prompted, enter the password you set during VNC setup on our Pi.
2. Install Python Libraries:
Use the Raspberry Pi terminal to install the necessary Python libraries. You’ll likely need:
3. Python Code Development:
Write Python code to:
Activate the corresponding GPIO pin based on the touched button to control the relay.
Python code:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
# GPIO pin numbers for the relays
relay_pins = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
def setup():
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) # Use BCM GPIO numbering
for pin in relay_pins:
GPIO.setup(pin, GPIO.OUT) # Set each pin as an output
GPIO.output(pin, GPIO.HIGH) # Initialise all relays to off (assuming active low)
def activate_solenoid(solenoid_number, duration=1):
if 1 <= solenoid_number <= 12:
pin = relay_pins[solenoid_number - 1]
GPIO.output(pin, GPIO.LOW) # Turn on the relay (assuming active low)
time.sleep(duration) # Keep the solenoid activated for the specified duration
GPIO.output(pin, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn off the relay
def cleanup():
GPIO.cleanup()
def get_user_input():
while True:
try:
user_input = input("Enter the solenoid number to activate (1-12), or 'q' to quit: ")
if user_input.lower() == 'q':
break
solenoid_number = int(user_input)
if 1 <= solenoid_number <= 12:
activate_solenoid(solenoid_number)
else:
print("Please enter a number between 1 and 12.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number between 1 and 12, or 'q' to quit.")
if _name_ == "_main_":
try:
setup()
get_user_input()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program terminated")
finally:
cleanup()
Additional Considerations:
Flyback Diode: Adding a flyback diode across the solenoid protects the circuit from voltage spikes when the relay switches.
Status LEDs: LEDs connected to the GPIO pins can visually indicate relay and solenoid activation.
Security Measures: Consider password protection or other security features to control solenoid activation, especially for critical applications.
Putting it all Together:
Assemble the circuit on a breadboard, following the connection guidelines.
Flash the Raspberry Pi OS with your written Python code.
Design and implement the touchscreen interface using your chosen framework.
Test the system thoroughly to ensure proper functionality and safety.
Remember:
Always prioritize safety while working with electronics. Double-check connections and voltage ratings before powering on.
Conclusion
In conclusion, building a solenoid control system using a Raspberry Pi for IoT-based automated screen touch demonstrates a seamless integration of hardware and software to achieve precise and automated touchscreen interactions. The Raspberry Pi’s versatility and ease of programming make it an ideal choice for controlling solenoids and managing relay operations in IoT Solenoid Touch Control systems. This system not only enhances the efficiency and accuracy of automated touch actions but also expands its potential through IoT capabilities, allowing for remote control and monitoring. By leveraging the power of the Internet of Things, the IoT Solenoid Touch Control project opens up new possibilities for automation and control in various applications, from user interface testing to interactive installations.
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As a Software Development Engineer in Test (SDET), I specialize in developing automation scripts for mobile applications with integrated hardware for both Android and iOS devices. In addition to my software expertise, I have designed and implemented PCB layouts and hardware systems for integrating various components such as sensors, relays, Arduino Mega, and Raspberry Pi 4. I programmed the Raspberry Pi 4 and Arduino Mega using C/C++ and Python to control connected devices. I developed communication protocols, including UART, I2C, and SPI, for real-time data transmission and also implemented SSH communication to interface between the hardware and testing framework.
Preclinical trialsplay a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on ensuring a new drug’s safety and efficacy before testing it in humans. As part of this process, preclinical software testing has emerged as an essential element in modern drug development. It ensures systems for managing, analyzing, and reporting preclinical data function correctly, securely, and comply with industry standards.
Preclinical trials are the foundational steps in the drug development process. Laboratories and researchers conduct these experiments on animals to gather crucial data on a drug’s safety, efficacy, and pharmacological properties before testing it on humans.
In the complex, regulated world of drug development, preclinical trials form the foundation for pharmaceutical advancements. These trials are the first step in bringing a new drug from the lab to the patient’s bedside.
Why are preclinical trials crucial?
Safety: Identifying potential side effects and toxicities early on protects human volunteers in clinical trials.
Efficacy: Evaluating a drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease or condition.
Dosage: Determining the optimal dosage for human use.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted, and how it exerts its therapeutic effects.
Regulatory Approval: Regulatory bodies, like the FDA, mandate thorough preclinical testing before approving a drug’s progression to human clinical trials. This ensures that only drugs with a reasonable safety profile move forward.
Risk Reduction: Preclinical trials identify issues early, reducing the risk of failure in costly later stages like clinical trials.
Definition and Role of Preclinical Trials
Preclinical trials are the phase of drug development that occurs before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin. They involve a series of laboratory tests, animal studies designed to provide detailed information on drug’s safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. These trials are crucial for identifying potential issues early, ensuring that only most promising drug candidates proceed to human testing.
Safety Evaluation and Toxic Effect Identification
Primary Objective: The foremost goal of preclinical trials is to assess the safety profile of a new drug candidate. Before any new drug can be tested in humans, it must be evaluated for potential toxic effects in animals. This includes identifying any adverse reactions that could occur.
Toxicology Studies: These studies aim to find a drug’s potential toxicity, identify affected organs, and determine harmful dosage levels. Understanding these parameters is critical to ensuring that the drug is safe enough to move forward into human trials
Testing in Animal Models
Proof of Concept: Preclinical trials help establish whether a drug is effective in treating the intended condition. Researchers conduct in vitro and in vivo experiments to determine if the drug achieves the desired therapeutic effects.
Mechanism of Action: These trials also help in understanding the mechanism by which the drug works, providing insights into its potential effectiveness and helping to refine the drug’s design and formulation.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Analysis
Drug Behavior: Preclinical studies examine how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body (pharmacokinetics). They also investigate the drug’s biological effects and its mechanisms (pharmacodynamics).
Dose Optimization: Understanding these properties is crucial for determining the appropriate dosing regimen for human trials, ensuring that the drug reaches the necessary therapeutic levels without causing toxicity.
Regulatory Compliance and Approval Requirements
Compliance: Regulatory agencies like the FDA, EMA, and other national health authorities mandate preclinical testing before any new drug can proceed to clinical trials. These trials must adhere to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards, ensuring that the studies are scientifically valid and ethically conducted.
Data Submission: The data generated from preclinical trials are submitted to regulatory bodies as part of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application, which is required to obtain approval to commence human clinical trials.
Ethical Considerations and Alternatives to Animal Testing
Patient Protection: Protecting human volunteers from unnecessary risks is a paramount ethical obligation. Preclinical trials serve to ensure that only drug candidates with a reasonable safety and efficacy profile are tested in humans, thereby safeguarding participant health and well-being.
Alternatives to Animal Testing: There is growing interest in alternative methods, such as in vitro testing using cell cultures, computer modeling, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, which can reduce the need for animal testing and provide additional insights.
Future Advancements in Preclinical Research
Technological Innovations: Advances in biotechnology, such as CRISPR gene editing, high-throughput screening, and artificial intelligence, are poised to revolutionize preclinical research. These technologies can enhance the precision and efficiency of preclinical studies, leading to more accurate predictions of human responses.
Personalized Medicine: The future of preclinical trials also lies in personalized medicine, where drugs are tailored to the genetic makeup of individual patients. This approach can improve the safety and efficacy of treatments, making preclinical trials more relevant and predictive.
Summary of Significance and Impact
Preclinical trials are a vital step in the drug development pipeline, ensuring that new pharmaceuticals are safe, effective, and ready for human testing. By rigorously evaluating potential drugs in these early stages, the pharmaceutical industry not only complies with regulatory standards but also upholds its commitment to patient safety and innovation. Understanding the importance of preclinical trials provides valuable insights into the meticulous and challenging process of developing new therapies that can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Role of Preclinical Software Testing in Trials:
Software plays a significant role in preclinical trials, especially in the analysis and management of data. Here’s how software testing is associated with preclinical trials:
Data Management and Analysis: Software is used to manage the vast amount of data generated during preclinical trials. This includes data from various experiments, toxicology studies, and efficacy tests. Software testing ensures that these systems function correctly and handle data accurately.
Simulation and Modeling: Computational models and simulations are often used in preclinical studies to predict how a drug might behave in a biological system. Testing these software models ensures that they are reliable and produce valid predictions.
Regulatory Compliance: Software used in preclinical trials must comply with regulations such as Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). Testing ensures that the software meets these regulatory requirements, which is crucial for the acceptance of trial results by regulatory bodies.
Integration with Laboratory Equipment: Software often controls or interacts with laboratory equipment used in preclinical trials. Thoroughly testing this software is essential to ensure accurate data collection and reliable results.
When it comes to FDA approval, the testing process for drugs and associated systems, including preclinical software testing, involves several critical aspects.
1. Data Integrity and Accuracy:
Testing Focus: As a manual tester, the goal is to ensure that all data entered and stored in the system maintains its integrity and remains free from corruption or unintended changes. This involves testing scenarios related to data entry, storage, modification, and retrieval, verifying that the system accurately processes and displays the data.
Testing Strategy: Testers should manually verify that data cleaning processes work as expected, identifying and flagging any inconsistencies or errors. They must also confirm that the system correctly implements validation rules, ensuring data accuracy.
2. Compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP):
Testing Focus: Testing involves verifying that the software adheres to the standards set by GLP.This includes checking that the system correctly captures changes made to data in the audit trails and retains the data as per GLP regulations.
Testing Strategy: Manual testers should create, modify, and delete data to ensure that they accurately record all activities in the audit trails. Testers must also verify that the system follows data retention policies and ensures data is available for the required retention period.
3. Electronic Records and Signatures:
Testing Focus: Test the functionality of electronic records and signatures to ensure they meet the FDA’s 21 CFR Part 11 requirements, which govern the use of electronic documentation in place of paper records.
Testing Strategy: Testers must verify the accuracy and security of electronic records, ensuring they can create, store, and retrieve them without error. They should test electronic signatures to confirm they are secure, traceable, and properly linked to the corresponding record.
4. Validation of Computational Models:
Testing Focus: Validating computational models manually, as part of preclinical software testing, involves ensuring that the outputs generated are accurate and consistent with expected results, especially when dealing with predictive models in drug trials.
Testing Strategy: A tester should manually verify model predictions by comparing results with known experimental data and run tests to identify any sensitivity in the models to input variations.
5. Risk Management:
Testing Focus: In a manual testing environment, identifying and mitigating risks is essential. Testers must test for potential risks like system crashes, data breaches, or calculation errors and implement appropriate responses.
Testing Strategy: Use risk-based testing to identify high-priority areas that could present the greatest risks to the system. Manual testers must ensure that risk mitigation strategies (like data backup and failover systems) function as intended.
6. Regulatory Submissions:
Testing Focus: Manual testing ensures accurate system data compilation for regulatory submission, maintaining compliance and preventing errors effectively.
Testing Strategy: Testers must manually ensure submission packages include correctly formatted documents and data, verifying completeness and regulatory compliance. They must ensure the system presents the data in a clear and compliant format.
These aspects collectively ensure that manual testing plays a critical role in delivering reliable, accurate, and FDA-compliant software systems. Each testing step ensures quality control, identifies risks, and verifies software behavior matches real-world expectations.
Conclusion:
In the pharmaceutical world, preclinical trials are essential for ensuring drug safety and effectiveness. Preclinical software testing ensures system validation, guaranteeing data accuracy and reliability in trials, playing a crucial behind-the-scenes role. This work helps pave the way for successful drug development, making testers key players in advancing medical innovation.
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Jr. SDET proficient in Manual, Automation, and API.
My expertise extends to technologies such as Selenium, Playwright, Postman, SQL, GitLab, and Java. I am keen to learn new technologies and tools for test automation.
Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a process that promotes collaboration between developers, testers, and stakeholders by writing test cases in simple, plain language. BDD Automation Frameworks like Cucumber use Gherkin to make test scenarios easily understandable and link them to automated tests.
In this guide, we’ll show you how to create a BDD Automation Framework using Java and Playwright. Playwright is a powerful browser automation tool, and when combined with Java and Cucumber, it creates a solid BDD testing framework.
Introduction to BDD Automation Framework:
Automation testing is testing software with the latest tools and technologies with developed scripts in less time. In Automation testing it involves test case execution, data validation, and result reporting.
Why Playwright over Selenium?
Playwright is an open-source Node.js library that further enables efficient end-to-end (E2E) testing of web applications. As Playwright offers better performance speed than Selenium. Also, Playwright offers various features like Cross-Brower support, Multi-platform, Headless and Headful Mode, Async/Await API, Integration with Testing Frameworks.
What is BDD Automation Framework?
BDD framework is an agile approach to test software where testers write test cases in simple language so that non-tech person can also understand the flow. Moreover, it enhances collaboration between the technical team and the business team. We use Gherkin language to write feature files, making them easily readable by everyone.
Prerequisites for BDD Automation Framework:
1. Install JDK
Install the Java environment as per the system compatible.
First, choose the appropriate JDK version, and then click on the download link for the Windows version.
Run the Installer:
Once the download is complete, run the installer.
To begin, follow the installation instructions, then accept the license agreement, and finally choose the installation directory.
Set Environment Variables:
Open the Control Panel and go to System and Security > System > Advanced system settings.
Click on “Environment Variables”.
Under “System Variables,” click on “New” and add a variable named JAVA_HOME with the path to the JDK installation directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-15).
Find the “Path” variable in the “System Variables” section, click on “Edit,” and add a new entry with the path to the bin directory inside the JDK installation directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-15\bin).
Verify Installation:
Open a Command Prompt and check if Java is installed correctly by typing `java -version` and `javac -version`.
Click on the link to download the binary zip archive (e.g., apache-maven-3.x.y-bin.zip).
Extract the Archive:
Extract the downloaded zip file to a suitable directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Apache\maven).
Set Environment Variables:
Open the Control Panel and go to System and Security > System > Advanced system settings.
Click on “Environment Variables”.
Under “System Variables”, click on “New” and add a variable named MAVEN_HOME with the path to the Maven installation directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Apache\maven\apache-maven-3.x.y).
Find the “Path” variable in the “System Variables” section, click on “Edit”, and add a new entry with the path to the bin directory inside the Maven installation directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Apache\maven\apache-maven-3.x.y\bin).
Verify Installation:
To check if Maven is installed correctly, open a Command Prompt and type `mvn -version`.
Java Development Kit (JDK): Ensure you have JDK installed and properly configured.
Maven or Gradle: Depending on your preference, however, you’ll need Maven or Gradle to manage your project dependencies.
Steps to Install Cucumber with Maven
Create a Maven Project:
Update pom.xml File:
Open the pom.xml file in your project.
This Maven POM file (pom.xml) defines project metadata, dependencies on external libraries (Cucumber, Selenium, Playwright), and Maven build properties. It provides the necessary configuration for managing dependencies, compiling Java source code, and integrating with Cucumber, TestNG, Selenium, and Playwright frameworks to support automated testing and development of the CalculatorBDD project.
Before starting the project on the BDD Automation Framework:
Create a new Maven project in your IDE.
Add the dependencies in Pom.xml file .
Create folder structure following steps given below:
When we created the new project for the executable jar file, we could see the simple folder structure provided by Maven.
SRC Folder: The SRC folder is the parent folder of a project, and it will also include the main and test foldersIn the QA environment, we generally use the test folder, while we reserve the main folder for the development environment. The development team uses the main folder, so the created JAR contains all the files inside the src folder.
Test Folder: Inside the test folder; additionally, Java and resources folders are available.
Java Folder: This folder primarily contains the Java classes where the actual code is present.
Resources Folder: The Resources folder contains the resources file, test data file, and document files.
Pom.xml: In this file, we are managing the dependencies and plugins that are required for automation.
As our project structure is ready so we can start with the BDD framework:
1. Feature file:
Here we have described the scenario in “Gherkin” language which is designed to be easily understandable by non-technical stakeholders as well as executable by automation tools like Cucumber. Each scenario is written in structured manner using keywords “Given”, “When” and “Then”. Calculator.feature in this we have specifically written our functional testing steps.
@Basic
Feature: Verify Calculator Operations
Scenario Outline: Verify addition of two numbers
#Given line states that the User is on the Calculator home page and Calculator page is displayed.
Given I am on Calculator page
#When step describes an action that User enters/clicks on a number
When I enter number <number>
#And step indicates clicking on a specific operator (like addition, subtraction, etc.) on the calculator
And I click on operator '<operator>'
#And Step follows the operator click by entering another number into the calculator.
And I enter number <number1>
#Then is the verification step where the test checks if the result displayed
Then I verify the result as <expectedResult>
Examples:
| number | operator | number1 | expectedResult |
| 5 | + | 2 | 7 |
| 9 | - | 3 | 6 |
| 6 | * | 4 | 24 |
| 2 | / | 2 | 1 |
2. Step Def File:
The step definition file serves as the bridge between actual feature file with the actual method implementation in the page file. The Calculator steps are a step definition file that maps the feature file to the page file and functional implementation.
package steps;
import core.TestContext;
import io.cucumber.java.en.And;
import io.cucumber.java.en.Given;
import io.cucumber.java.en.Then;
import io.cucumber.java.en.When;
import org.testng.Assert;
import pages.CalculatorPage;
import java.io.IOException;
public class CalculatorSteps extends TestContext {
public CalculatorSteps() {
//Here the constructor initializes a new instance of CalculatorPage,
// so the CalculatorSteps class can interact with the calculator web page through methods in the CalculatorPage class
calculatorPage = new CalculatorPage();
}
@Given("I am on Calculator page")
//Here we call the function from Calculator Page which is Sync with Feature file Given definition
public void iAmOnCalculatorPage() throws IOException {
calculatorPage.iAmOnCalculatorPage();
}
@When("I enter number {int}")
//Here also the function is called from page file and Sync with feature file When step
public void iEnterNumber(int number) {
calculatorPage.iEnterNumber(number);
}
@And("I click on operator {string}")
//Here also the function is called from page file and sync with feature file And step
public void iClickOnOperator(String operator) {
calculatorPage.iClickOnOperator(operator);
}
@Then("I verify the result as {int}")
//Here also the function is called from page file and synched with feature file Then step
public void iVerifyTheResultAs(int expectedResult) {
String actualResult = calculatorPage.iVerifyTheResultAs();
Assert.assertEquals(actualResult, String.valueOf(expectedResult));
}
}
3. Page File:
Page file, in addition, is actual code implementation from the step definition file.Here, we have saved all the actual methods and web page elements, thereby ensuring easy access and organization. It is basically POM structure. So here we are performing addition operation in Calculator we application so created a method to click on a number and another method for clicking on the operator. Here we can minimize the code by reusing the code as much as possible.
package pages;
import core.TestContext;
import utilities.ConfigUtil;
import java.io.IOException;
public class CalculatorPage extends TestContext {
public void iAmOnCalculatorPage() throws IOException {
page.navigate(ConfigUtil.getPropertyValue("base_url"));
}
public void iEnterNumber(int number) {
page.locator("//span[@onclick='r(" + number + ")']").click();
}
public void iClickOnOperator(String operator) {
page.locator("//span[@onclick=\"r('" + operator + "')\"]").click();
}
public String iVerifyTheResultAs() {
page.locator("//span[@onclick=\"r('=')\"]").click();
return page.locator("//div[@id='sciOutPut']").innerText().trim();
}
public void tearDown() {
page.close();
}
}
4. Hooks:
Hooks are setup and teardown methods that, therefore, are written separately in the configuration class. Here we have annotation declare in the hooks file @before and @After. Hooks are steps to be performed a before and after function of the feature file. In this we have open the Web browser in Before and After Tag. These are special functions which allows the testers to execute specific points during execution.
package core;
import core.TestContext;
import io.cucumber.java.After;
import io.cucumber.java.Before;
import io.cucumber.java.Scenario;
import utilities.WebUtil;
public class Hooks extends TestContext {//Hooks class inherits the property of TestContext class
@Before //@Before Tag denotes that it should be executed before scenario
public void beforeScenario(Scenario scenario) {
page = WebUtil.initBrowser(); //this method initializes the browser session
}
@After //@After Tag denotes that it should be executed after scenario
public void afterScenario() {
WebUtil.tearDownPW();//this method is for tasks such as closing browser sessions
}
}
5. TestContext:
The TestContext class, moreover, holds various instances and variables required for test execution. In this context, we have successfully created a web driver instance, a page file instance, and a browser context. As a result, the code reusability, organization, and maintainability are improved here.
package core;
import com.microsoft.playwright.Browser;
import com.microsoft.playwright.Page;
import pages.CalculatorPage;
public class TestContext { //TestContext class, which acts as a container to store all instances for test framework
public static Page page;
//Refers to Playwright’s Page object. This controls a specific browser tab or page in a Playwright-based test
public static CalculatorPage calculatorPage;
//This stores an instance of the CalculatorPage object, representing the page object model (POM)
public static Browser browser;
//refers to Playwright's Browser instance, which represents the entire browser
}
6. TestRunner:
The Test Runner is responsible for discovering test cases, executing them, and reporting the results back; additionally, it provides the necessary infrastructure to execute the tests and manage the testing workflow. It also syncs the feature file with step file.
package core;
import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import io.cucumber.testng.CucumberOptions;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
@CucumberOptions(features = "src/test/java/features", //the path where Cucumber feature files are located.
glue = {"steps", "core"}) //Cucumber where to find the step definitions (in the steps and core packages)
public class TestRunner extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
//Above Etends which is a base class provided by Cucumber to run the tests with TestNG
@DataProvider //allows running multiple Cucumber scenarios as separate tests in TestNG
@Override
public Object[][] scenarios() {
return super.scenarios();
}//Calls the parent class method to return all the Cucumber scenarios in an array format for TestNG to run
}
7. WebUtils:
Web Utils is a file in which browser instance is created and playwright is initialised here. The code for web browser page launching is written here and for closing the browser instance. The page is extended by TestContext where all the properties of TestContext are given to WebUtils page.
package utilities;
import com.microsoft.playwright.BrowserType;
import com.microsoft.playwright.Page;
import com.microsoft.playwright.Playwright;
import core.TestContext;
public class WebUtil extends TestContext {
public static Page initBrowser(){
//Initializes a browser session using Playwright's Chromium browser
Playwright playwright = Playwright.create(); //Creates an instance of Playwright
browser = playwright.chromium().launch(new BrowserType.LaunchOptions().setHeadless(false));
page = browser.newPage(); //Creates a new page/tab within the launched browser
return page;
}
public static void tearDownPW() {
page.close();
} // It is called to close the current page/tag
}
This is the important file where we download all the dependencies required for the test execution. Also, it contains information of project and configuration information for the maven to build the project such as dependencies, build directory, source directory, test source directory, plugin, goals etc.
In this blog, we’ve discussed using the Java Playwright framework with Cucumber for BDD. Playwright offers fast, cross-browser testing and easy parallel execution, making it a great alternative to Selenium. Paired with Cucumber, it helps teams write clear, automated tests. Playwright’s debugging tools and test isolation also reduce test issues and maintenance, making it ideal for building reliable test suites for faster, higher-quality software delivery.
“The Right Testing Pyramid is a widely adopted concept in software testing methodologies; therefore, it guides teams in structuring their automated testing efforts efficiently.”
While planning to build a product, we need to carefully balance the different components of the product whether its software, hardware or a combination of both.
To create a successful and valuable product, you need to ensure several key aspects.
User Needs and Requirements, Quality, Reliability, User experience, Security, Privacy, Scalability, Compatibility, documentation, compliance etc.
Quality and reliability are essential pillars for every product; therefore, whether it is software, hardware, or a blend of both, they remain crucial. They are indispensable in ensuring customer satisfaction and, therefore, in the creation of superior products.
The Right Testing Pyramid, therefore, acts as a mediator in achieving high quality and reliability in software development through its structured approach to testing at different levels.
The software development project begins with the use of Testing Pyramid concepts and, moreover, maintains them throughout its lifecycle.
How does the Right Testing Pyramid organize software testing into different layers?
Mike Cohn introduced the right testing pyramid as an analogy for structuring software testing; Consequently, it has become widely adopted in engineering circles and remains the industry standard. The right testing pyramid conceptually organizes testing into three layers.
At the bottom of the pyramid are unit tests. These tests check small parts of the code like functions or classes to make sure they work correctly. Unit tests run the code directly and check the results without needing other parts of the software or the user interface; therefore, they are more isolated and efficient.
Moving up one level from unit tests, we have integration tests (or service tests). These tests check how different parts of the system work together, like making sure a database interacts correctly with a model, or a method retrieves data from an API. They don’t need to use the user interface; instead, they interact directly with the code’s interfaces.
At the top of the pyramid are end-to-end tests (E2E), also known as UI tests. These tests simulate real user interactions with the application to ensure its functionality. Unlike a human conducting manual testing, E2E tests automate the process entirely. They can click buttons, input data, and verify the UI responses to ensure everything functions correctly.
As you can observe, the three types of tests vary significantly in their scopes:
Unit tests are quick and efficient, pinpointing logic errors at the basic code level. They demand minimal resources to execute.
Integration tests validate the collaboration between services, databases, and your code. They detect issues where different components meet.
E2E tests require the entire application to function. They are thorough and demand substantial computing power and time to complete.
Why We Should Use Testing Pyramid?
The characteristics of each test type determine the shape of the pyramid.
Unit tests are small-scale and straightforward to create and manage. Due to their focused scope on specific code segments, we typically require numerous unit tests. Fortunately, their lightweight nature allows us to execute thousands of them within a few seconds.
End-to-end (E2E) tests are more challenging to create and maintain, use a lot of resources, and take longer to run. They validate a wide range of application functions with just a few tests, so they need fewer tests overall.
In the middle of the testing pyramid, integration tests are comparable in complexity to unit tests. However, we require fewer integration tests because they focus on testing the interfaces between components in the application. Integration tests demand more resources to execute compared to unit tests but are still manageable in terms of scale.
Do you understand why the pyramid has its shape? Each layer represents the recommended amount of different types of tests: a few end-to-end tests, some integration tests, and lots of unit tests.
As you move up the pyramid, tests become more complex and cover more of the code. This means they take more effort to create, run, and maintain. The testing pyramid helps balance this effort by maximizing bug detection with the least amount of work.
The Testing Pyramid shape often naturally appears in software development and testing for several reasons:
1. Progressive Testing Needs: Initially, developers focus on unit tests because they are quick to write and provide immediate feedback on individual code units. As the project progresses and we integrate more components, we naturally need integration tests to ensure these components work together correctly.
2. Development Lifecycle: At the outset of a project, there’s typically a focus on building core functionalities and prototypes. End-to-end tests, which require a functional application, are challenging to implement early on. Developers prioritize unit and integration tests during this phase to validate foundational code and ensure basic functionality.
3. Developers can run unit tests frequently during development because they are lightweight and execute quickly. Integration tests require more resources but are still feasible as the project advances. We defer end-to-end tests until later stages when the application matures due to their complexity and dependency on a functional UI.
4. Adoption of Testing Frameworks: Frameworks like Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) encourage writing acceptance tests (including E2E tests) from the project’s outset. When teams adopt such frameworks, they are more likely to incorporate end-to-end testing earlier in the development process.
In essence, the pyramid shape reflects a natural progression in testing strategies based on the evolution of the software from its initial stages to more mature phases. Developers and testers typically begin with unit tests, add integration tests as they build components, and implement end-to-end tests once the basic functionality stabilizes.
Another factor influencing the pyramid is test speed.
Developers run faster tests more frequently, providing crucial feedback quickly for productive development.
Tests at the bottom of the pyramid are quick to run, so developers write many of them. Fewer end-to-end tests are used because they are slower. For example, a large web app might have thousands of unit tests, hundreds of integration tests, and only a few dozen end-to-end tests.
Test Type
Order of Magnitude
Unit Test
0.01 – 0.0001 s
Integration
1 s
E2E Test
10 s
Test Speed
Realtime Usage in Industry –
Unit Tests (Bottom of the Pyramid):
Purpose: Unit tests are the foundation of the pyramid, representing the largest number of tests at the lowest level of the application.
Scope: They validate the functionality of individual components or modules in isolation.
Characteristics: Unit tests are typically fast to execute, isolated from external dependencies, and provide quick feedback on code correctness.
Tools: Automated unit testing frameworks such as JUnit, NUnit, and XCTest are commonly used for this layer.
Service/API Tests (Middle of the Pyramid):
Purpose: Service tests validate interactions between various components or services within the application.
Scope: They ensure that APIs and services behave correctly according to their specifications.
Characteristics: Service tests may involve integration with external dependencies (like databases or third-party services) and focus on broader functionality than unit tests.
Tools: Tools like Postman, RestAssured, and SoapUI are often used for automating service/API tests.
UI Tests (Top of the Pyramid):
Purpose: UI tests validate the end-to-end behavior of the application through its user interface.
Scope: They simulate user interactions with the application, checking workflows, navigation, and overall user experience.
Characteristics: UI tests are typically slower and more fragile compared to lower-level tests due to their dependence on UI elements and changes in layout.
Tools: Selenium WebDriver, Cypress.io, and TestCafe are examples of tools used for automating UI tests
Conclusion
The Right Testing Pyramid is a strategic model that emphasizes a balanced and structured approach to testing. It helps teams achieve efficient and effective quality assurance by prioritizing a higher number of unit tests, a moderate number of integration tests, and a focused set of end-to-end tests. This approach not only optimizes testing efforts but also supports rapid development cycles and ensures robust software quality. Some key principles of right test pyramid concluded here :
Automation Coverage: The pyramid emphasizes a higher proportion of tests at the lower levels (unit and service/API tests) compared to UI tests. This optimizes test execution time and maintenance efforts.
Speed and Reliability: Tests at the lower levels are faster to execute and more reliable, providing quicker feedback to developers on code changes.
Isolation of Concerns: Each layer focuses on testing specific aspects of the application, promoting better isolation of concerns and improving test maintainability.
By following the Test Automation Pyramid, teams can achieve a balanced automation strategy that maximizes test coverage, minimizes maintenance overhead, and enhances the overall quality of their software products.
Assistant SDET Manager proficient in Manual, Automation, API
My expertise extends to technologies such as Selenium,Behave,Postman,SQL,GitHub,
Python, Java. I am keen to learn new technologies and tools for test automation
Ensuring smooth functionality and an excellent user experience for web applications is more important than ever in today’s digital world. As web applications become increasingly complex, however, traditional testing methods often struggle to meet the demands of modern development. Modern UI automation frameworks, therefore, offer powerful tools for comprehensive and reliable testing.
JavaScript, the backbone of web development, is central to many automation frameworks due to its versatility. Cypress, in fact, has gained popularity for its ease of use, powerful features, and developer-friendly approach, making it a standout in this space. It also streamlines the process of writing, executing, and maintaining automated tests, making it an essential tool for developers and testers alike.
In this blog, we’ll delve into Modern UI automation with JavaScript and Cypress, starting with the setup and then moving on to advanced features like real-time reloading and CI pipeline integration. By the end, you’ll have the knowledge to effectively automate UI testing for modern web applications, whether you’re a seasoned developer or new to automation.
Prerequisites for Modern UI Automation Framework
Before embarking on your journey with JavaScript and Cypress for Modern UI Automation, ensure you must have the following tools in your system and some basic understanding of the technologies i.e. Cypress, Automation, JavaScript and some coding knowledge.
Node.js and npm
Both Node.js and npm are essential for managing dependencies and running your Cypress tests.
VS Code offers a powerful and user-friendly environment for working with JavaScript but also seamlessly integrates with the Cypress framework for modern UI automation. It provides syntax highlighting, code completion, debugging tools, and extensions that can significantly enhance your development experience.
Familiarity with fundamental JavaScript concepts like variables, functions, and object-oriented programming will therefore crucial for writing automation scripts and interacting with the browser.
Cypress is the core framework for your end-to-end (E2E) tests; consequently, it offers a user-friendly interface and powerful capabilities for interacting with web elements.
Here, we’ve looked at the things we need before we start.
Installation for Modern UI Automation Framework
How to Install Node.js on Windows?
What is Node.js?
Node.js is a runtime environment that enables JavaScript to run outside of a web browser; consequently, it allows developers to build scalable and high-performance server-side applications. Originally, JavaScript was confined to client-side scripting in browsers, but with Node.js, it can now power the backend as well.
For testers, Node.js unlocks powerful automation capabilities but also supports tools and frameworks like WebDriver.io and Puppeteer, which automate browser interactions, manage test suites, and perform assertions. Node.js also facilitates custom test frameworks and seamless integration with testing tools. Additionally, it enables running tests in headless environments, ideal for continuous integration pipelines. Overall, Node.js enhances the effectiveness of JavaScript-based testing, improving software quality, speeding up development and UI Automation.
Key Features of Node.js
Asynchronous and Event-Driven: Node.js library APIs work asynchronously; consequently, they are non-blocking. The server moves to the next API call without waiting for the previous one to complete, therefore it using event mechanisms to handle responses efficiently.
High Speed: Built on Google Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine, Node.js therefore executes code very quickly.
Single-Threaded but Highly Scalable: Node.js uses a single-threaded model with event looping. This event-driven architecture allows the server to respond without blocking, making it highly scalable compared to traditional servers. Unlike servers like Apache HTTP Server, which create limited threads to handle requests, Node.js can handle thousands of requests using a single-threaded program.
No Buffering: Node.js applications do not buffer data; instead they output data in chunks.
Steps to Install Node.js on Windows for UI Automation:
Double-click on the .msi installer to open the Node.js Setup Wizard.
Click “Next” on the Welcome to Node.js Setup Wizard screen.
Accept the End-User License Agreement (EULA) by checking “I accept the terms in the License Agreement” and click “Next.”
Choose the destination folder where you want to install Node.js and click “Next.”
Click “Next” on the Custom Setup screen.
When prompted to “Install tools for native modules,” click “Install.”
Wait for the installation to complete and click “Finish” when done.
Verify the Installation
Open the Command Prompt or Windows PowerShell.
Run the following command to check if Node.js was installed correctly:
node -v
If Node.js was installed successfully, the command prompt will print the version of Node.js installed.
By following these steps, you can install Node.js on your Windows system and start leveraging its capabilities for server-side scripting and automated testing.
How to Install Visual Studio Code (VS Code) on Windows?
What is Visual Studio Code (VS Code)?
Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a free, open-source code editor developed by Microsoft. It features a user-friendly interface and powerful editing capabilities. VS Code supports a wide range of programming languages and comes with built-in features for debugging, syntax highlighting, code completion, and Git integration. It also offers a vast ecosystem of extensions to customize and extend its functionality.
Steps to Install VS Code for UI Automation
Visit the Official VS Code Website
Open any web browser like Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge.
Click the “Download for Windows” button on the website to start the download.
Open the Downloaded Installer
Once the download is complete, locate the Visual Studio Code installer in your downloads folder.
Double-click the installer icon to begin the installation process.
Accept the License Agreement
When the installer opens, you will be asked to accept the terms and conditions of Visual Studio Code.
Check “I accept the agreement” and then click the “Next” button.
Choose Installation Location
Select the destination folder where you want to install Visual Studio Code.
Click the “Next” button.
Select Additional Tasks
You may be prompted to select additional tasks, such as creating a desktop icon or adding VS Code to your PATH.
Select the options you prefer and click “Next.”
Install Visual Studio Code
Click the “Install” button to start the installation process.
The installation will take about a minute to complete.
Launch Visual Studio Code
After the installation is complete, a window will appear with a “Launch Visual Studio Code” checkbox.
Check this box and then click “Finish.”
Open Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio Code will open automatically.
You can now create a new file and start coding in your preferred programming language.
By following these steps, you have successfully installed Visual Studio Code on your Windows system. You are now ready to start your programming journey with VS Code.
Create Project for Modern UI Automation Framework
Creating a Cypress project in VS Code is straightforward. Follow these steps to get started:
Steps to Create a Cypress Project in VS Code
Open VS Code:
Launch VS Code on your computer.
Click on Files Tab:
Navigate to the top-left corner of the VS Code interface and click on the “Files” tab.
Select Open Folder Option:
From the dropdown menu, choose the “Open Folder” option. This action will prompt a pop-up file explorer window.
Choose Project Location:
Browse through the file explorer to select the location where you want to create your new Cypress project. For this example, create a new folder on the desktop and name it “CypressJavaScriptFramework”.
Open Selected Folder:
Once you’ve created the new folder, select it and click on the “Open” button. VS Code will now automatically navigate to the selected folder.
Congratulations! You’ve successfully created a new Cypress project in VS Code. On the left panel of VS Code, you’ll see your project name, and a welcome tab will appear in the editor.
Now, we are all set to start building your Cypress project in Visual Studio Code!
What is Cypress?
Cypress is a modern, open-source test automation framework designed specifically for web applications and used to UI automation also. Unlike many other testing tools that run outside of the browser and execute remote commands, Cypress operates directly within the browser. This unique architecture enables Cypress to offer fast, reliable, and easy-to-write tests, making it an invaluable tool for developers and testers.
Cypress’s architecture allows it to control the browser in real-time, providing access to every part of the application being tested. This direct control means that tests can interact with the DOM, make assertions, and simulate user interactions with unparalleled accuracy and speed.
Cypress Architecture for Modern UI Automation Framework:
Cypress automation testing operates on a NodeJS server. It uses the WebSocket protocol to create a connection between the browser and the Node.js server. WebSocket’s allow full-duplex communication, enabling Cypress to send commands and receive feedback in real time. This means Cypress can navigate URLs, interact with elements, and make assertions, while also receiving DOM snapshots, console logs, and other test-related information from the browser.
Let’s break down the components and how they interact:
User Interaction:
The process begins with a user interacting with the web application. This includes actions like clicking buttons, selecting values from drop-down menus, filling forms, or navigating through pages.
Cypress Test Scripts:
Developers write test scripts using JavaScript or TypeScript. These scripts simulate user interactions and verify that the application behaves as expected.
Cypress Runner:
The Cypress Runner executes the test scripts. It interacts with the web application, capturing screenshots and videos during the tests.
Proxy Server:
A proxy server sits between the Cypress Runner and the web application. It intercepts requests and responses, allowing developers to manipulate them.
Node.js:
Cypress runs on Node.js, providing a runtime environment for executing JavaScript or TypeScript code.
WebSocket:
The WebSocket protocol enables real-time communication between the Cypress Runner and the web application.
HTTP Requests/Responses:
HTTP requests (e.g., GET, POST) and responses are exchanged between the Cypress Runner and the application server, facilitating the testing process.
By understanding these components and their interactions, you can better appreciate how Cypress effectively automates testing for modern web applications and UI Automation.
Features of the Cypress
Time Travel: Cypress captures snapshots of your application as it runs, allowing you to hover over each command in the test runner to see what happened at every step.
Real-Time Reloads: Cypress automatically reloads tests in real-time as you make changes, providing instant feedback on your changes without restarting your test suite.
Debuggability: Cypress provides detailed error messages and stack traces, making it easier to debug failed tests. It also allows you to use browser developer tools for debugging purposes.
Automatic Waiting: Cypress automatically waits for commands and assertions before moving on, eliminating the need for explicit waits or sleeps in your test code.
Spies, Stubs, and Clocks: Cypress provides built-in support for spies, stubs, and clocks to verify and control the behavior of functions, timers, and other application features.
Network Traffic Control: Cypress allows you to control and stub network traffic, making it easier to test how your application behaves under various network conditions.
Consistent Results: Cypress runs in the same run-loop as your application, ensuring that tests produce consistent results without flaky behavior.
Cross-Browser Testing: Cypress supports testing across multiple browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, ensuring your application works consistently across different environments.
CI/CD Integration: Cypress integrates seamlessly with continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines, enabling automated testing as part of your development workflow.
Advantages of Cypress
Easy Setup and Configuration: Cypress offers a simple setup process with minimal configuration, allowing you to start writing tests quickly without dealing with complex setup procedures.
Developer-Friendly: Cypress is designed with developers in mind, providing an intuitive API and detailed documentation that makes it easy to write and maintain tests.
Fast Test Execution: Cypress runs directly in the browser, resulting in faster test execution compared to traditional testing frameworks that operate outside the browser.
Reliable and Flake-Free: Cypress eliminates common sources of flakiness in tests by running in the same run-loop as your application, ensuring consistent and reliable test results.
Comprehensive Testing: Cypress supports a wide range of testing types, including end-to-end (E2E), integration, and unit tests, providing a comprehensive solution for testing web applications.
Rich Ecosystem: Cypress has a rich ecosystem of plugins and extensions that enhance its functionality and allow you to customize your testing setup to suit your specific needs.
Active Community and Support: Cypress has an active and growing community that provides support, shares best practices, and contributes to the development of the framework.
Seamless CI/CD Integration: Cypress integrates seamlessly with CI/CD pipelines, enabling automated testing as part of your development workflow. This integration ensures that tests are run consistently and reliably in different environments, improving the overall quality of your software.
Cypress’s unique features, reliability, and ease of use make it an ideal choice for developers and testers looking to ensure the quality and performance of their web applications.
By leveraging Cypress in your JavaScript projects, you can achieve efficient and effective UI automation, enhancing the overall development lifecycle.
Cypress Framework Structure
In a Cypress project, the folder structure is well-defined to help you organize your test code, configuration, plugins, and related files. Here’s a breakdown of the typical folders and files we will encounter:
1. cypress/ Directory
Purpose: This is the root directory where all Cypress-related files and folders reside.
2. cypress/e2e/ Directory
Purpose: This is where you should place your test files.
Details: Cypress automatically detects and runs tests from this folder. Test files typically have .spec.js or .test.js file extensions.
3. cypress/fixtures/ Directory (Optional)
Purpose: Store static data or fixture files that your tests might need.
Details: These can include JSON, CSV, or text files.
4. cypress/plugins/ Directory (Optional)
Purpose: Extend Cypress’s functionality.
Details: Write custom plugins or modify Cypress behavior through plugins.
5. cypress/support/ Directory (Optional)
Purpose: Store various support files, including custom commands and global variables.
Details:
commands.js (Optional): Define custom Cypress commands here to encapsulate frequently used sequences of actions, making your test code more concise and maintainable.
e2e.js (Optional): Include global setup and teardown code for your Cypress tests. This file runs before and after all test files, allowing you to perform tasks like setting up test data or cleaning up resources.
6. cypress.config.js File
Purpose: Customize settings for Cypress, such as the base URL, browser options, and other configurations.
Location: Usually found in the root directory of your Cypress project.
Details: You can create this file manually if it doesn’t exist or generate it using the Cypress Test Runner’s settings.
7. node_modules/ Directory
Purpose: Contains all the Node.js packages and dependencies used by Cypress and your project.
Details: Usually, you don’t need to change anything in this folder.
8. package.json File
Purpose: Defines your project’s metadata and dependencies.
Details: Used to manage Node.js packages and scripts for running Cypress tests.
9. package-lock.json File
Purpose: Ensures your project dependencies remain consistent across different environments.
Details: Automatically generated and used by Node.js’s package manager, npm.
10. README.md File (Optional)
Purpose: Include documentation, instructions, or information about your Cypress project.
11. Other Files and Folders (Project-Specific)
Purpose: Depending on your project’s needs, you may have additional files or folders for application code, test data, reports, or CI/CD configurations.
Folder Structure Overview
The folder structure is designed to keep your Cypress project organized and easy to maintain:
Main Directories:
cypress/e2e/: Where you write your tests.
cypress.config.js: Where you configure Cypress.
Optional Directories:
fixtures/: For test data.
plugins/: For extending Cypress functionality.
support/: For custom commands and utilities.
This structure helps you customize your testing environment and keep everything well-organized.
Now let’s start to install Cypress and Configure in our project.
Cypress Install and Configuration:
We’re now ready to dive into the Cypress installation and configuration process. With Node.js, VS Code, and a new project named “CypressJavaScriptFramework” set up, let’s walk through configuring Cypress step-by-step.
Open Your Project: Start by opening the “CypressJavaScriptFramework” project in VS Code.
Open a New Terminal: From the top-left corner of VS Code, open a new terminal.
Initialize Node.js Project: Verify your directory path and run the below command to initialize a new Node.js project and generate a package.json file.
npm init –y
Install Cypress: Install Cypress as a development dependency with the below command. Once installed, you’ll find Cypress listed in your package.json file. As of this writing, the latest version is 13.13.1.
npm install –save-dev cypress
Configure Cypress: To open the Cypress Test Runner, run the below command.
npx cypress open
Upon first launch, you’ll be greeted by Launchpad, which helps with initial setup and configuration.
Step 1: Choosing a Testing Type
The first decision we will make in the Launchpad is selecting the type of testing you want to perform:
E2E (End-to-End) Testing: This option runs your entire application and visits pages to test them comprehensively.
Component Testing: This option allows you to mount and test individual components of your app in isolation.
Here we must select E2E Testing.
What is E2E Testing?
End-to-End (E2E) testing is a method of testing that validates the functionality and performance of an application by simulating real user scenarios from start to end. This approach ensures that all components of the application, including the frontend and backend, work together seamlessly.
After selecting E2E Testing Configuration Screen where we just have to click on Continue button.
Step 2: Quick Configuration
Next, the Launchpad will automatically generate a set of configuration files tailored to your chosen testing type. You’ll see a list of these changes, which you can review before continuing. For detailed information about the generated configuration, you can check out the Cypress configuration reference page.
After clicking on Continue button we will notice some changes in the framework few Configuration files will be added in the Framework which are cypress.config.js cypress/ directory cypress directory Fixtures and Support directory
The description of these file s and folders we have seen in start of blog.
Step 3: Launching a Browser
Finally, the Launchpad will display a list of compatible browsers detected on your system. You can select any browser to start your testing. Don’t worry if you want to switch browsers later; Cypress allows you to change browsers at any point of time.
As in my system I have Chrome and Edge browser installed. Cypress also have the inbuild browser which is called as “Electron”
What is Electron Browser?
Electron is an open-source framework that allows developers to build cross-platform desktop applications using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It combines the Chromium rendering engine and the Node.js runtime, enabling you to create desktop apps that function seamlessly across Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Key Points:
Cross-Platform Compatibility: Develop applications that work on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Chromium-Based: Uses Chromium, the same rendering engine behind Google Chrome, for a consistent browsing experience.
Node.js Integration: Allows access to native OS functionalities via Node.js, blending web technologies with desktop capabilities.
Used by Popular Apps: Many well-known applications like Slack, Visual Studio Code, and GitHub Desktop are built using Electron.
Electron provides the flexibility to build powerful desktop applications with the familiarity and ease of web development.
Now, you’re ready to hit the start button and embark on your testing journey with Cypress!
In this article we will use chrome browser for that we have to select Chrome and click on “Start E2E Testing in Chrome”. Then we will land on Cypress runner screen here we have 2 options
Scaffold example specs: Automatically generate example test specifications to help you get started with Cypress.
Create new specs: Manually create new test specifications to tailor your testing needs and scenarios.
Here we will use Scaffold example specs.
Scaffolding Example Specs
Use: Scaffolding example specs in Cypress generates predefined test files that demonstrate how to write and structure tests.
Reason: Providing example specs helps new users quickly understand Cypress’s syntax and best practices, making it easier to start writing their own tests and ensuring they follow a proper testing framework.
Once we select Scaffold example specs option, we will notice in framework few files are added in cypress directory under e2e directory.
Finally, we have installed cypress, configured and now we can run Scaffolding Example Specs. Now we will add our own file and execute it with cypress runner and from Command Line. Before that we will go through the Cypress Testing components.
Cypress Testing Components
Let’s understand Cypress Testing Components used while automation.
describe() Block: Groups related tests and provides structure.
it() Blocks: Defines individual test cases, focusing on specific functionalities.
Hooks: Manage setup and teardown processes to maintain a consistent test environment.
Assertions: Verify that the application behaves as expected by comparing actual results to expected results.
describe() Block
The describe() block in Cypress is used to group related test cases together. It defines a test suite, making it easier to organize and manage your tests.
Purpose:
The describe() block provides a structure for your test cases, allowing you to group tests that are related to a particular feature or functionality. It helps in maintaining a clean and organized test suite, especially as your test cases grow in number.
Example:
describe('Login Functionality', () => {
// Nested describe block for more granular organization
describe('Valid Login', () => {
it('should log in successfully with valid credentials', () => {
// Valid Login Script
});
});
describe('Invalid Login', () => {
it('should display an error message with invalid credentials', () => {
// Invalid Login Script
});
});
});
it() Blocks
The it() block defines individual test cases within a describe() block. It contains the actual code for testing a specific aspect of the feature under test.
Purpose:
Each it() block should test a single functionality or scenario, making your test cases clear and focused. This helps in identifying issues quickly and understanding what each test is verifying.
Example:
describe('Form Submission', () => {
it('should successfully submit the form and show a success message', () => {
// Form Submission Script
});
});
Hooks
Hooks are special functions in Cypress that run before or after tests. They are used to set up or clean up the state and perform common tasks needed for your tests.
Types of Hooks:
before(): Executes once before all tests in a describe() block.
beforeEach(): Runs before each it() block within a describe() block.
after(): Executes once after all tests in a describe() block.
afterEach(): Runs after each it() block within a describe() block.
Purpose:
Hooks are useful for setting up test environments, preparing data, and cleaning up after tests, ensuring a consistent and reliable test environment.
Example:
describe('User Registration', () => {
before(() => {
// Runs once before all tests
});
beforeEach(() => {
// Runs before each test
});
afterEach(() => {
// Runs after each test
});
after(() => {
// Runs once after all tests
});
it('Valid Login', () => {
// Valid Login Script
});
Assertions
Assertions are statements that check if a condition is true during the test execution. They verify that the application behaves as expected and helps identify issues when the actual results differ from the expected results.
Purpose:
Assertions validate the outcomes of your test cases by comparing actual results against expected results. They help ensure that your application functions correctly and meets the defined requirements.
Example:
describe('Homepage Content', () => {
it('should display the correct page title', () => {
cy.visit('/');
cy.title().should('equal', 'Expected Page Title');
});
it('should have a visible welcome message', () => {
cy.visit('/');
cy.get('.welcome-message').should('be.visible');
cy.get('.welcome-message').should('contain', 'Welcome to our website!');
});
});
These components work together to create a comprehensive and organized test suite in Cypress, ensuring your application is thoroughly tested and reliable.
Create Test File
Before diving into test file creation, let’s define the functionalities. We will automate the Calculator.net web application and will focus on basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Here’s a breakdown of the test scenarios:
1. Verify user able to do addition
Visit Calculator.net
Click on two numbers (e.g., 1 and 2)
Click the “+” operator
Click on another number (e.g., 1)
Click the “=” operator
Verify the result is equal to 3
Click the “reset” button
2. Verify user able to do Subtraction
Visit Calculator.net
Click on a number (e.g., 3)
Click the “-” operator
Click on another number (e.g., 1)
Click the “=” operator
Verify the result is equal to 2
Click the “reset” button
3. Verify user able to do Multiplication
Visit Calculator.net
Click on a number (e.g., 2)
Click the “*” operator
Click on another number (e.g., 5)
Click the “=” operator
Verify the result is equal to 10
Click the “reset” button
4. Verify user able to do Division
Visit Calculator.net
Click on a number (e.g., 8)
Click the “/” operator
Click on another number (e.g., 2)
Click the “=” operator
Verify the result is equal to 4
Click the “reset” button
Optimizing with Hooks:
As you noticed, visiting Calculator.net and resetting the calculator are common steps across all scenarios. To avoid code repetition, we’ll utilize Cypress hooks:
beforeEach: Execute this code before each test case. We’ll use it to visit Calculator.net.
afterEach: Execute this code after each test case. We’ll use it to reset the calculator.
Now, let’s create the test file and add the code below to Calculator.cy.js file.
/// <reference types="cypress" />
import selectors from '../fixtures/Selectors.json';
describe('Calculator Tests', () => {
before(() => {
cy.log('Tests are starting...');
});
beforeEach(() => {
cy.visit('https://www.calculator.net');
});
afterEach(() => {
cy.get(selectors.cancelButton).click();
});
after(() => {
cy.log('All tests are finished.');
});
it('Verify user able to do addition', () => {
cy.get(selectors.twoNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.plusOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.oneNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.equalsOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.result).should('contain.text', '3');
});
it('Verify user able to do Subtraction', () => {
cy.get(selectors.threeNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.minusOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.oneNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.equalsOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.result).should('contain.text', '2');
});
it('Verify user able to do Multiplication', () => {
cy.get(selectors.twoNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.multiplyOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.fiveNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.equalsOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.result).should('contain.text', '10');
});
it('Verify user able to do Division', () => {
cy.get(selectors.eightNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.divideOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.twoNumberButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.equalsOperatorButton).click();
cy.get(selectors.result).should('contain.text', '4');
});
});
Let’s create a Selectors.json file to store all the selectors used in automation, assigning them meaningful names for better organization.
The Selector.json file is a crucial part of your test automation framework. It centralizes all the CSS selectors used in your tests, making the code more maintainable and readable. By keeping selectors in a dedicated file, you can easily update or change any element locator without modifying multiple test scripts.
Purpose:
Centralization: All element selectors are stored in one place.
Maintainability: Easy to update selectors if the application’s HTML changes.
Readability: Makes test scripts cleaner and easier to understand by abstracting the actual CSS selectors.
Add the following JSON content to your Selector.json file in the cypress/fixtures directory:
Number Buttons: Selectors for the number buttons (0-9) use the span[onclick=’r(number)’] pattern, identifying the buttons by their onclick attribute values specific to each number.
Operator Buttons: Selectors for the arithmetic operators (plus, minus, multiply, divide) use a similar pattern but include escaped quotes for the operator characters.
Equals Button: The selector for the equals button follows the same pattern, identifying it by its onclick attribute.
Result: The selector for the result display uses an ID (#sciOutPut), directly identifying the output element.
Cancel Button: The selector for the cancel button is included to reset the calculator between tests, ensuring a clean state for each test case.
By utilizing this Selector.json file, your test scripts can reference these selectors with meaningful names, thereby enhancing the clarity and maintainability of your test automation framework for UI.
Advanced Configuration In cypress.config.js:
While installing and Configration of cypress we have created cypress.config.js file. Now we will look at the Advanced configuration in cypress.config.js allows you to tailor Cypress’s behavior to fit the specific needs of your project, optimizing and enhancing the testing process.
Key Benefits:
Customization: You can set up custom configurations to suit your testing environment, such as base URL, default timeouts, viewport size, and more.
Environment Variables: Manage different environment settings, making it easy to switch between development, staging, and production environments.
Plugin Integration: Configure plugins for extended functionality, such as code coverage, visual testing, or integrating with other tools and services.
Reporter Configuration: Customize the output format of your test results, making it easier to integrate with CI/CD pipelines and other reporting tools.
Browser Configuration: Define which browsers to use for testing, including headless mode, to speed up the execution of tests.
Test Execution Control: Set up retries for flaky tests, control the order of test execution, and manage parallel test runs for better resource utilization.
Security: Configure authentication tokens, manage sensitive data securely, and control network requests and responses to mimic real-world scenarios.
This Cypress configuration file (cypress.config.js) sets various options to customize the behavior of Cypress tests. Here’s a breakdown of the configuration for modern UI Automation:
const { defineConfig } = require(“cypress”);: Import defineConfig function from Cypress, which is used to define configuration settings.
module.exports = defineConfig({ … });: Exports the configuration object, which Cypress uses to configure the test environment.
projectId: “CYFW01”: Specifies a unique project ID for identifying the test project. This is useful for organizing and managing tests in CI/CD pipeline.
downloadsFolder: “cypress/downloads”: Sets the folder where files downloaded during tests will be saved.
screenshotsFolder: “cypress/screenshots”: Defines the folder where screenshots taken during tests will be stored, particularly for failed tests.
video: true: Enables video recording of test runs, which can be useful for reviewing test execution and debugging.
screenshotOnRunFailure: true: Configures Cypress to take screenshots automatically when test fails.
chromeWebSecurity: false: Disables web security in Chrome, which can be useful for testing applications that involve cross-origin requests.
trashAssetsBeforeRuns: true: Ensures that previous test artifacts (like screenshots and videos) are deleted before running new tests, keeping the test environment clean.
viewportWidth: 1920 and viewportHeight: 1080: To simulate a screen resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, you can set the default viewport size for tests accordingly.
execTimeout: 10000: Configures the maximum time (in milliseconds) Cypress will wait for commands to execute before timing out.
pageLoadTimeout: 18000: Sets the maximum time (in milliseconds) Cypress will wait for a page to load before timing out.
defaultCommandTimeout: 10000: Defines the default time (in milliseconds) Cypress will wait for commands to complete before timing out.
retries:{ runMode: 1, openMode: 0 }:
runMode: 1: Specifies that Cypress should retry failed tests once when running in CI/CD mode (runMode).
openMode: 0: Indicates that Cypress should not retry failed tests when running interactively (openMode).
e2e: { setupNodeEvents(on, config) { … } }: Provide way to set-up Node.js event listeners for end-to-end tests. This is where you can implement custom logic or plugins to extend Cypress’s functionality.
Executing Test Cases Locally for Modern UI Automation
To run test cases for modern UI Automation, use Cypress commands in your terminal. Cypress supports both headed mode (with a visible browser window) and headless mode (where tests run in the background without displaying a browser window).
Running Test Cases in Headed Mode:
Open your terminal.
Navigate to the directory containing your Cypress tests.
Execute the tests in headed mode using the below command:
npx cypress open
This will open the Cypress Test Runner. Click on “E2E Testing,” select the browser, and run the test case from the list (e.g., calculator.cy.js). Once selected, the test case will execute, and you can see the results in real-time. Screenshots of the local test execution are provided below.
Running Test Cases in Headless Mode:
Headless mode in Cypress refers to running test cases without a visible user interface. This method allows tests to be executed entirely in the background. Here’s how you can set up and run Cypress in headless mode.
To run the test script directly from the command line, use the following command:
npx cypress run –spec “cypress\e2e\Calculator.cy.js” –browser edge
By default, Cypress executes tests in headless mode, but you can also specify it explicitly using the –headless flag:
npx cypress run — headless –spec “cypress\e2e\Calculator.cy.js” –browser edge
This enables efficient and automated test execution without launching the browser UI (UI Automation).
Conclusion
In this blog, we explored how the JavaScript and Cypress framework revolutionize modern UI automation. By leveraging Cypress’s powerful features, such as its intuitive API, robust configuration options, and seamless integration with JavaScript, we were able to effectively test complex web applications.
We delved into practical implementations of modern UI automation such as:
Creating and managing test cases with Cypress, including various operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using a calculator example.
Using advanced configuration in cypress.config.js to tailor the test environment to specific needs, from handling different environments and customizing timeouts to integrating plugins and managing network requests.
Implementing selectors through a Selector.json file to enhance test maintainability and clarity by using descriptive names for elements.
Executing tests locally in both headed and headless modes, providing insights into how to monitor test execution in real-time or run tests in the background.
By incorporating these strategies, we ensure that our web applications not only function correctly but also provide a seamless and reliable user experience. Cypress’s modern approach to UI testing simplifies the automation process, making it easier to handle the dynamic nature of contemporary web applications while maintaining high standards of quality and performance.
I am an SDET Engineer proficient in manual, automation, API, Performance, and Security Testing. My expertise extends to technologies such as Selenium, Cypress, Cucumber, JMeter, OWASP ZAP, Postman, Maven, SQL, GitHub, Java, JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. Additionally, I possess hands-on experience in CI/CD, utilizing GitHub for continuous integration and delivery. My passion for technology drives me to constantly explore and adapt to new advancements in the field.
KPIs for Test Automation are measurable criteria that demonstrate how effectively the automation testing process supports the organization’s objectives. These metrics assess the success of automation efforts and specific activities within the testing domain. KPIs for test automation are crucial for monitoring progress toward quality goals, evaluating testing efficiency over time, and guiding decisions based on data-driven insights. They encompass metrics tailored to ensure thorough testing coverage, defect detection rates, testing cycle times, and other critical aspects of testing effectiveness.
Importance of KPIs
Performance Measurement: Key performance indicators (KPIs) offer measurable metrics to gauge the performance and effectiveness of automated testing efforts. They monitor parameters such as test execution times, test coverage, and defect detection rates, providing insights into the overall efficacy of the testing process KPIs will help your team improve testing skills
Identifying Challenges and Problems: Key performance indicators (KPIs) assist in pinpointing bottlenecks or challenges within the test automation framework. By monitoring metrics such as test error rates, script consistency, and resource allocation, KPIs illuminate areas needing focus or enhancement to improve the dependability and scalability of automated testing.
Optimizing Resource Utilization: Key performance indicators (KPIs) facilitate improved allocation of resources by pinpointing areas where automated efforts are highly effective and where manual intervention might be required. This strategic optimization aids in maximizing the utilization of testing resources and minimizing costs associated with testing activities.
Facilitating Ongoing Enhancement: Key performance indicators (KPIs) support continual improvement by establishing benchmarks and objectives for testing teams. They motivate teams to pursue elevated standards in automation scope, precision, and dependability, fostering a culture of perpetual learning and refinement of testing proficiency.
Benefits of KPIs:
Test Coverage clear objective: KPIs will help an unbiased view of the effectiveness of automation testing you with the help
Process Enhancement: KPIs highlight the areas for improvement while doing automation testing processes. So you can achieve continuous enhancement & efficiency.
Executive Insight: Sharing KPIs with the team will have transparency & a better understanding of what test automation can achieve
Process Tracking: Regular monitoring of KPIs tracks the status and progress of automated testing, ensuring alignment with goals and timelines.
KPIs For Test Automation:
1. Test Coverage:
Description: Test coverage refers to the proportion of your application code that is tested. It ensures that your automated testing encompasses all key features and functions. Achieving high test coverage is crucial for reducing the risk of defects reaching production and can also reduce manual efforts.
Examples of Measurements:
Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM): Maps test cases to requirements to ensure that all requirements are covered by tests.
User Story Coverage: Measures the percentage of user stories that have been tested.
Description: This performance metric gauges the time required to run a test suite. Effective automation testing, indicated by shorter execution times, is critical for the deployment of software in a DevOps setting. Efficient test execution supports seamless continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflows, ensuring prompt software releases and updates.
Examples of Measurements:
Total Test Execution Time: Total time taken to execute all test cases in a test suite.
Average Execution Time per Test Case: Average time taken to execute an individual test case.
Description: This metric in automation measures the percentage of test cases that fail during a specific build or over a set period. It is determined by dividing the number of failed tests by the total number of tests executed and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. Tracking this rate helps identify problematic areas in the code or test environment, facilitating timely fixes and enhancing overall software quality. Maintaining a low failure rate is essential for ensuring the stability and reliability of the application throughout the testing lifecycle.
Examples of Measurements:
Failure Rate Per Build: Percentage of test cases that fail in each build.
Historical Failure Trends: Trends in test failure rates over time.
Description: Active defects represent the present state of issues, encompassing new, open, or resolved defects, guiding the team in determining appropriate resolutions. The team sets a threshold for monitoring these defects, taking immediate action on those that surpass this limit.
Examples of Measurements:
Defect Count: Number of active defects at any given time.
Defect Aging: Time taken to resolve defects from the time they were identified.
Tools to Measure Active Defects:
Defect Tracking Tools: Jira, Bugzilla, HP ALM
Test Management Tools: TestRail, Zephyr, QTest
5. Build Stability:
Description: Build stability in automation helps measure the reliability and consistency of application builds. You can check how frequently builds pass or fail during automation. Monitoring build stability helps your team identify failures early, and maintaining build stability is necessary for continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflows.
Examples of Measurements:
Pass/Fail Rate: Percentage of builds that pass versus those that fail.
Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR): Average time taken to fix a failed build.
Description: Defect density measures the number of defects found in a module or piece of code per unit size (e.g., lines of code, function points). It helps in identifying areas of the code that are more prone to defects.
Examples of Measurements:
Defects per KLOC (Thousand Lines of Code): Number of defects found per thousand lines of code.
Defects per Function Point: Number of defects found per function point.
Description: Test case effectiveness measures how well the test cases are able to detect defects. It is calculated by the number of defects detected divided by the total number of defects.
Examples of Measurements:
Defects Detected by Tests: Number of defects detected by automated tests.
Total Defects: Total number of defects detected including those found in production.
Tools to Measure Test Case Effectiveness:
Test Management Tools: TestRail, Zephyr, QTest
Defect Tracking Tools: Jira, Bugzilla, HP ALM
8. Test Automation ROI (Return on Investment):
Description: This KPI measures the financial benefit gained from automation versus the cost incurred to implement and maintain it. It helps in justifying the investment in test automation.
Examples of Measurements:
Cost Savings from Reduced Manual Testing: Savings from reduced manual testing efforts.
Automation Implementation Costs: Costs incurred in implementing and maintaining automation.
Tools to Measure Test Automation ROI:
Project Management Tools: MS Project, Smartsheet, Asana
Test Management Tools: TestRail, Zephyr, QTest
9. Test Case Reusability:
Description: This metric measures the extent to which test cases can be reused across different projects or modules. Higher reusability indicates efficient and modular test case design.
Examples of Measurements:
Reusable Test Cases: Number of test cases reused in multiple projects.
Total Test Cases: Total number of test cases created.
Description: Defect leakage measures the number of defects that escape to production after testing. Lower defect leakage indicates more effective testing.
Examples of Measurements:
Defects Found in Production: Number of defects found in production.
Total Defects Found During Testing: Total number of defects found during testing phases.
Description: This KPI measures the effort required to maintain and update automated tests. Lower maintenance effort indicates more robust and adaptable test scripts.
Examples of Measurements:
Time Spent on Test Maintenance: Total time spent on maintaining and updating test scripts.
Number of Test Scripts Updated: Number of test scripts that required updates.
Tools to Measure Automation Test Maintenance Effort:
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are crucial for ensuring the quality and reliability of applications. Metrics like test coverage, test execution time, test failure rate, active defects, and build stability offer valuable insights into the testing process. By following these KPIs, teams can detect defects early and uphold high software quality standards. Implementing and monitoring these metrics supports effective development cycles and facilitates seamless integration and delivery in CI/CD workflows.
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As a Junior SDET with 2 years of hands-on experience, I specialize in both manual and automation testing for web and mobile applications. I have worked with a variety of technologies, including Selenium, Playwright, Cucumber, Appium, SQL, Java, JavaScript, and Python, to deliver comprehensive test solutions. My expertise covers both functional and regression testing, with a focus on ensuring quality across different platforms.
